The high-entropy materials have attracted rising attention for electrolysis application, which may have unusual performances due to the proximal configuration of dissimilar atoms. Grown CZTS crystals are thoroughly discussed. The single crystals growth and varied characterization results on the Parameters are derived by non-mechanistic Kissinger method using data of the Gle crystals is performed by simultaneously recording the thermogravimetric, dif-įerential thermogravimetric and diferential thermal analysis curves. The thermal analysis of the as-grown CZTS sin. The XRD and Raman analysis confrmed the CZTS phase Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of a single peak at~331 cm−1 matching The analysis of the as-grown CZTS singleĬrystals by difraction of X-ray (XRD) showed the crystal possess tetragonal struc. The analysis of X-ray from energy dispersion confrmed that the as-grown The single crystals of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) are grown by direct vapor transport tech. However, their rapid deactivation at high temperatures still needs the attention of the scientific community. This review concluded that among all catalysts, nickel, ruthenium and platinum-based catalysts show the highest activity and catalytic efficiency and gave carbon-free hydrogen products during the TMD process. Finally, we presented the challenges and future perspectives for hydrogen production via TMD. A detailed overview of the different types of catalysts available, the reasons behind their deactivation, and their possible regeneration methods were discussed. Methods including steam methane reforming, partial oxidation of methane, auto thermal reforming, direct biomass gasification, thermal water splitting, methane pyrolysis, aqueous reforming, and coal gasification have been reported in this article.
Various methods of hydrogen production from fossil fuels and renewable resources were discussed. The thermodynamics of this approach has been highlighted. This review article is focused on hydrogen production through thermocatalytic methane decomposition (TMD) for hydrogen production. Decomposition of methane yields hydrogen devoid of CO x components, thereby aiding as an eco-friendly approach towards large-scale hydrogen production. Hydrogen is an exciting energy source that can serve our energy purposes and decrease toxic waste production. The catalytic performance, reaction kinetics, and mechanisms together with future research directions regarding acidic OER are summarized and discussed.Consumption of fossil fuels, especially in transport and energy-dependent sectors, has led to large greenhouse gas production. In this review, the thermodynamics of water oxidation, Pourbaix diagram of metal elements in aqueous solution, and theoretical screening and prediction of precious-metal-free electrocatalysts for acidic OER are first elaborated. In recent years, various types of precious-metal-free catalysts such as carbon-based materials, earth-abundant transition metal oxides, and multiple metal oxide mixtures have been investigated and some of them show promising activity and stability for acidic OER. Developing highly active, stable, and precious-metal-free electrocatalysts for water oxidation in acidic media is attractive for the large-scale application of PEM electrolyzers. However, current anode OER electrocatalysts in PEM electrolyzers are limited to precious iridium and ruthenium oxides. Among the different water splitting devices, proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer offers greater advantages. The multielectron transfer OER process involves multiple reaction intermediates, and a high overpotential is needed to overcome the sluggish kinetics.
Water oxidation, or the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which combines two oxygen atoms from two water molecules and releases one oxygen molecule, plays the key role by providing protons and electrons needed for the hydrogen generation, electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrogen fixation.
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